Ngokuvamile, abasebenzisi banedivaysi eyodwa yokugcina yesitoreji kwikhompyutha yabo. Uma uqala ukufaka uhlelo lokusebenza, lihlehlisiwe libe yinombolo ethile yezingxenye. Umthamo ngamunye onomqondo unesibopho sokugcina ulwazi oluthile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingafomathiwa kuzinhlelo ezahlukene zefayela futhi zibe yinye yezakhiwo ezimbili. Okulandelayo, singathanda ukuchaza isakhiwo sohlelo lwe disk hard njengoba kungenzeka ngangokunokwenzeka.
Ngokuqondene nemingcele yemvelo - I-HDD inezinxenye eziningana ezihlangene zibe uhlelo olulodwa. Uma ufuna ukuthola ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe ngalesi sihloko, sincoma ukuthi ubheke ukwaziswa kwethu okuhlukile kusixhumanisi esilandelayo, futhi sibuyele ekuhlaziyweni kwesakhi se-software.
Bheka futhi: Kuyini i diski enzima
Ukubhala okujwayelekile
Uma uhlukanisa i-disk eyinkimbinkimbi, incwadi ezenzakalelayo isethelwe ivolumu yesistimu. C, futhi okwesibili - D. Izincwadi A futhi B zinyuka, ngoba i-floppy disks yamafomethi ahlukene kuboniswa ngalendlela. Uma engekho umqulu wesibili wencwadi yediski enzima D Ukushayela i-DVD kuzoboniswa.
Umsebenzisi ngokwakhe uphula i-HDD ibe yizigaba, ubapha noma yiziphi izinhlamvu ezitholakalayo. Ukuze ufunde ukuthi ungakha kanjani ukuhlukana okunjalo ngesandla, funda esinye isihloko sethu kusixhumanisi esilandelayo.
Imininingwane eyengeziwe:
Izindlela ezingu-3 zokuhlukanisa i-disk enzima
Izindlela zokususa izingxenye ze-hard disk
Izakhiwo ze-MBR ne-GPT
Konke kuyinto elula kakhulu ngama-volumes kanye nezingxenye, kepha kunezakhiwo. Isampula esinengqondo esidala ibizwa ngokuthi i-MBR (i-Master Boot Record), futhi ithathelwe indawo ye-GPT (i-GUID Partition Table) eyathuthukisiwe. Ake sibheke isakhiwo ngasinye bese sibheka ngokuningiliziwe.
MBR
Ama-MBR ama-disc atholakala kancane kancane yi-GPT, kodwa aseyithandwayo futhi asetshenziswa kuma-computer amaningi. Iqiniso liwukuthi i-Master Boot Record iyinhlangano yokuqala ye-HDD enekhono lama-bytes angu-512, igcinwe futhi ingalokothi ibhalwe ngaphezulu. Le sayithi inesibopho sokusebenzisa i-OS. Isakhiwo esinjalo sikulungele ngoba sivumela ukuhlukanisa idivayisi yesitoreji sangempela zibe izingxenye ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Isimiso sokusungula i-disk nge-MBR kanje:
- Lapho uhlelo luqala, i-BIOS ingena emkhakheni wokuqala futhi iyinika ukulawula okwengeziwe. Le nkampani inekhodi
0000: 7C00h. - Ama-byte amane alandelayo anesibopho sokunquma i-disk.
- Okulandelayo kuza ukuhlehlisa
01BEh- Amatafula wevolumu ye-HDD. Esikrinini esingezansi ungabona incazelo ecacile yokufunda komkhakha wokuqala.
Manje ukuthi izingxenye ze-disk ziye zafinyelelwa, kuyadingeka ukunquma indawo esebenzayo okuvela kuyo i-OS. I-byte yokuqala kule patheni yokufunda ichaza isigaba ukuqala. Okulandelayo khetha inamba yekhanda ukuqala ukulayisha, inamba ye-cylinder nenombolo yomkhakha, nenani lezinkampani ezivolumu. Umyalelo wokufunda uboniswa esithombeni esilandelayo.
Ukuze izixhumanisi zendawo yokurekhoda ngokweqile kwesigaba sobuchwepheshe obubucayi, ubuchwepheshe be-CHS (iCylinder Head Sector) bunomthwalo wemfanelo. Ifunda inombolo ye-cylinder, izinhloko nemikhakha. Ukubalwa kwezinombolo ezikhulunywe kuqala kuqala 0kanye nemikhakha 1. Kuyinto ngokufunda zonke lezi zixhumanisi ukuthi ukwahlukana okunengqondo kwediski enzima kunqunywa.
Ukungalungi kweso simiso kungukuthi ukulingana okulinganiselwe kwevolumu yedatha. Okungukuthi, ngesikhathi sokuqala kwe-CHS, ukwahlukana kungaba nenkumbulo engaba ngu-8 GB, okwakusheshe, okwamanje akusekho okwanele. I-substitution yayiyikheli le-LBA (i-Logical Block Addressing), lapho uhlelo lokubala lwavuselelwa kabusha. Manje isekela ukushayela kuze kufike ku-2 TB. I-LBA isacacisiwe, kodwa izinguquko zithinte kuphela i-GPT.
Siphumelele ngempumelelo ngemikhakha yokuqala kanye nelandelayo. Ngokuqondene nalokhu okugcina, kubuye kugcinwe, kubizweAA55futhi unesibopho sokuhlola i-MBR ngobuqotho nokutholakala kolwazi oludingekile.
I-GPT
Ubuchwepheshe be-MBR babenezinhlupho eziningi kanye nokulinganiselwa okungenakuhlinzeka umsebenzi ngemali enkulu yedatha. Ukulungisa noma ukuguqula kwakungenangqondo, ngakho-ke kanye nokukhululwa kwe-UEFI, abasebenzisi bafunde ngesakhiwo esisha se-GPT. Yadalwa ngokucabangela ukwanda okuqhubekayo kumthamo wokushayela kanye nezinguquko ku-PC, ngakho manje yisixazululo esiphezulu kakhulu. Ihluke ku-MBR kwimingcele enjalo:
- Ukungabikho kwezixhumanisi ze-CHS, kusekelwe kuphela umsebenzi nge-modified version ye-LBA;
- I-GPT igcina amakhophi ayo amabili ku-drive - eyodwa ekuqaleni kwediski kanti enye ekugcineni. Lesi sixazululo sizovumela ukuvuselelwa komkhakha ngokusebenzisa ikhophi egcinwe uma kwenzeka umonakalo;
- Isakhiwo esimisiwe sesedivaysi, esizoxoxa ngayo ngokuqhubekayo;
- Ukuhlolwa kwekhanda lokusebenza kwekhanda kwenziwa nge-UEFI usebenzisa i-checksum.
Bheka futhi: Ukulungisa iphutha le-CR disk CRC
Manje ngingathanda ukukutshela kabanzi ngesimiso sokusebenza kwalesi sakhiwo. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ubuchwepheshe be-LBA busetshenziselwa lapha, okuzovumela ukusebenza ngama-diski kwanoma yisiphi isayizi ngaphandle kwezinkinga, futhi esikhathini esizayo ukwandisa uhla lwesenzo, uma kudingeka.
Bheka futhi: Imibala ye-Western Digital hard drive iyini?
Kufanele kuqaphele ukuthi umkhakha we-MBR ukhona futhi ku-GPT, ngowokuqala futhi unesayizi esisodwa. Kudingekile ukuthi i-HDD isebenze kahle ngezingxenye ezindala, futhi ayivumeli izinhlelo ezingazazi i-GPT ukuze zibhubhise isakhiwo. Ngakho-ke, le nkampani ibizwa ngokuthi ivikela. Okulandelayo kungumkhakha wama-32, 48, noma ama-64 bits, okubangela ukuhlukanisa, kubizwa ngokuthi i-header ye-GPT eyinhloko. Ngemuva kwale mikhakha emibili, okuqukethwe kufundwa, ishadi lesivolumu yesibili, nekhophi ye-GPT ivala konke. Isakhiwo esigcwele siboniswa kusikrini esingezansi.
Lokhu kuphetha ulwazi olujwayelekile olungaba nesithakazelo kumsebenzisi ojwayelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi yizinkolelo zomsebenzi womkhakha ngamunye, futhi le datha ayihlangene nhlobo nomsebenzisi ojwayelekile. Ngokuphathelene nokukhetha kwe-GPT noma i-MBR - ungafunda esinye isihloko sethu, esixoxa ngokukhetha kwesakhiwo ngaphansi kweWindows 7.
Bheka futhi: Khetha isakhiwo sediski se-GPT noma se-MBR ukuze usebenze nge-Windows 7
Ngingathanda futhi ukungeza ukuthi i-GPT iyindlela engcono, futhi esikhathini esizayo, kunoma yikuphi, kuzodingeka sishintshe ukuze sisebenze nabathwali besakhiwo esinjalo.
Bheka futhi: Uyini umehluko phakathi kwama-disk magnetic nama-disks aqinile-state?
Amafayela wefayela kanye nokufometha
Ekhuluma ngesakhiwo esiqondakalayo se-HDD, ukungasho izinhlelo zefayela ezikhona. Yiqiniso, kuneziningi zazo, kodwa singathanda ukuhlala kuzo izinguqulo zezinhlelo ezimbili zokusebenza, abasebenzisi abaningi abasebenza kaningi. Uma ikhompyutha ingakwazi ukucacisa uhlelo lwefayili, i-disk enzima ithola ifomethi ye-RAW futhi iboniswa kuyo ku-OS. Ukulungiswa kwe-manual kwalolu daba kuyatholakala. Sikunikeza ukuthi ufunde imininingwane yalo msebenzi ngezansi.
Bheka futhi:
Izindlela zokulungisa ifomethi ye-RAW yama-HDD
Okwenza ikhompyutha ingaboni i-disk eyinkimbinkimbi
Windows
- FAT32. I-Microsoft isiqalise uhlelo lwefayili nge-FAT, esikhathini esizayo lobu buchwepheshe buhlangene nezinguquko eziningi, futhi inguqulo yakamuva okwamanje i-FAT32. Ukuziqhenya kwayo kubangelwa ukuthi akuklanyelwe ukucubungula nokugcina amafayela amakhulu, futhi kuyoba inkinga enkulu ukufaka izinhlelo ezinzima kuso. Noma kunjalo, i-FAT32 iyonke, futhi uma idala idrayivu yangaphandle, isetshenziselwa ukuthi amafayela alondoloziwe angafundwa kunoma iyiphi i-TV noma umdlali.
- I-NTFS. I-Microsoft yazisa i-NTFS ukuthi ikwazi ukufaka esikhundleni se-FAT32 ngokuphelele. Manje le system yefayela ixhaswa yizo zonke izinguqulo ze-Windows, ngokuqala nge-XP, iphinde isebenze kahle ku-Linux, kodwa ku-Mac OS ungafunda kuphela ulwazi, akukho lutho oluzorekhodwa. I-NTFS ihlukaniswa yiqiniso lokuthi ayikho imikhawulo ebusweni bamafayela aqoshiwe, isiye sathuthukisa ukwesekwa kwamafomethi ahlukene, ikhono lokucindezela ukwahlukana okunengqondo futhi kubuyiselwa kalula ngemonakalo ehlukahlukene. Wonke amanye amafayela wefayela afaneleka kakhulu emithonjeni encane ekhishwayo futhi ayivamiseki esetshenziselwa ukushayela, ngakho-ke ngeke siwacabangele kulesi sihloko.
Linux
Sisebenzisana nezinhlelo zefayela leWindows. Ngingathanda futhi ukunaka izinhlobo ezixhaswe ku-Linux OS, ngoba nayo iyathandwa phakathi kwabasebenzisi. I-Linux isekela umsebenzi nawo wonke amafayela wefayela le-Windows, kodwa i-OS ngokwayo inconywa ukuba ifakwe kwi-specially eyenzelwe le system yefayela. Qaphela izinhlobo ezilandelayo:
- I-Exts yaba uhlelo lokuqala lwefayela lwe-Linux. Ikwazi ukulinganiselwa kwayo, isibonelo, isayizi enkulu yefayela ayikwazi ukudlula u-2 GB, futhi igama layo kufanele libe phakathi kwezinhlamvu ezingu-1 kuya ku-255.
- I-Ext3 futhi I-Ext4. Siphuthele izinguqulo ezimbili zangaphambilini ze-Ext, ngoba manje azihambisani neze. Sizokutshela kuphela izinguqulo zanamuhla noma ezingaphansi. Isici salesi simiso sefayili ukusekela izinto kuze kufike ku-terabyte eyodwa ngosayizi, nakuba, uma usebenza emgodeni omdala, i-Ext3 ayizange isekele izakhi ezinkulu kune-2 GB. Esinye isici ukusekelwa kwesofthiwe yokufunda ebhalwe ngaphansi kweWindows. Okulandelayo kwafika i-FS Ext4 entsha, eyakuvumela ukugcina amafayela kufika ku-16 TB.
- Umncintiswano omkhulu we-Ext4 ubhekwa Xfs. Inzuzo yalo ikhona ku-algorithm eqoshiwe yokuqopha, ibizwa "Ukwabiwa okukhethiwe kwesikhala". Uma idatha ithunyelwa ukubhala, ibeka kuqala ku-RAM futhi ilinde umgca ukuthi igcinwe kusikhala sediski. Ukuya kwi-HDD kwenziwa kuphela uma i-RAM iphela noma iqhutshwa kwezinye izinqubo. Ukulandelana okunjalo kwenza kube lula ukuqoqa imisebenzi encane zibe ezinkulu futhi kunciphise ukuhlukaniswa kwabathintekayo.
Mayelana nokukhethwa kwesistimu yefayili yokufakwa kwe-OS, umsebenzisi ojwayelekile kungcono ukhethe okukhethwa kukho okunconywa ngesikhathi sokufakwa. Lokhu ngokuvamile ku-Etx4 noma i-XFS. Abasebenzisi abathuthukile sebevele basebenzisa i-FS ngezidingo zabo, basebenzisa izinhlobo zayo ezihlukahlukene ukwenza imisebenzi.
Uhlelo lwefayela luyashintsha ngemuva kokufometha i-drive, ngakho lokhu kuyindlela ebalulekile, evumela ukuthi kungabi ukususa kuphela amafayela, kodwa futhi ukulungisa noma yiziphi izinkinga zokuhambisana noma zokufunda. Siphakamisa ukuthi ufunde imininingwane ekhethekile lapho inqubo efanele yokufometha i-HDD ichazwe ngendlela egcwele kakhulu.
Funda kabanzi: Kuyini ukufometha kwe-disk nokuthi ungayenza kanjani kahle
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo lwefayela luhlanganisa amaqembu emikhakha emaqenjini. Uhlobo ngalunye lwenza ngokuhlukile futhi lukwazi ukusebenza kuphela ngenani elithile lezingcezu zolwazi. Amaqoqo ahlukile ngobukhulu, amancane afanele ukusebenza ngamafayela alula, futhi amakhulu anenzuzo yokuncipha.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwenzeka ngenxa yokubhalwa kabusha kwedatha njalo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amafayela ahlukaniswe ngamabhuloki agcinwa ezingxenyeni ezihlukene ngokuphelele ze disk nokuhlukunyezwa komuntu okudingekayo ukuze abuyele kabusha izindawo zawo futhi akhulise ijubane le-HDD.
Funda kabanzi: Konke okudingeka ukwazi nge-disk disragmentation kanzima
Kukhona ulwazi oluthe xaxa mayelana nesakhiwo esinengqondo semishini esetshenziselwayo; uthatha amafomethi afanayo efayela kanye nenqubo yokubhala emikhakheni. Kodwa-ke, namhlanje sazama ukukhuluma nje ngezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezizosiza ukwazi noma yikuphi umsebenzisi we-PC ofuna ukuhlola umhlaba wezingxenye.
Bheka futhi:
Ukutakula kwe-hard disk. Ukuhamba
Imiphumela eyingozi kwi-HDD
