IZINGUQUKO ZEMVELO ZE-LINUX

Ukuhluka kwezemvelo ku-Linux systems based based systems kuyinhlobonhlobo equkethe ulwazi lombhalo olusetshenziswa ezinye izinhlelo ngesikhathi sokuqalisa. Ngokuvamile zifaka imingcele yezinhlelo ezijwayelekile zombili i-graphical ne-shell shell, idatha ezilungiselelweni zomsebenzisi, indawo yamafayela athile, nokuningi okuningi. Amagugu ezinjalo eziguquguqukayo aboniswa, isibonelo, ngezinombolo, izimpawu, izindlela zokuqondisa noma amafayela. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinhlelo eziningi zithola ngokushesha izilungiselelo ezithile, kanye nethuba lomsebenzisi ukushintsha noma ukudala izinketho ezintsha.

Sebenzisa ngezinguquko zemvelo ku-Linux

Kulesi sihloko, singathanda ukuthinta ulwazi oluyisisekelo nolwusizo oluhlobene nemvelo eguquguqukayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sizobonisa izindlela zokubuka, ukuguqula, ukudala nokuzisusa. Ukukwazi okukhethwa kukho okuyinhloko kuzosiza abasebenzisi be-novice ukuthi bahambe ekuphatheni kwamathuluzi anjalo futhi baqonde ukubaluleka kwabo kokunikezwa kwe-OS. Ngaphambi kokuqala ukuhlaziywa kwemingcele ebaluleke kakhulu engingathanda ukukhuluma mayelana nokuhlukana kwabo zibe amakilasi. Ukuqoqa okunjalo kuchazwa kanje:

Izinguquko zesistimu Lezi zinketho zilayishwa ngokushesha lapho uhlelo lokusebenza luqala, lugcinwa kumafayela athile okucushwa (azoxoxwa ngezansi), futhi atholakale kubo bonke abasebenzisi kanye ne-OS yonkana. Ngokuvamile, lezi ziminganiso zibhekwa njengezibaluleke kakhulu futhi zivame ukusetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokuqaliswa kwezicelo ezihlukahlukene.
Ukuguquguquka komsebenzisi. Umsebenzisi ngamunye unesiqondisi sakhe sasekhaya, lapho zonke izinto ezibalulekile zigcinwa, kufaka phakathi amafayela okuhlela okuguquguqukayo komsebenzisi. Igama lakho selivele selicacile ukuthi lisetshenziswe kumsebenzisi othize ngesikhathi lapho egunyaziwe khona ngendawo "Isikhumbuzo". Basebenza kuxhumano olude.
Izinguquko zendawo. Kukhona imingcele esebenza kuphela esimisweni esisodwa. Uma sekuphelile, izosuswa unomphela futhi ukuqala kabusha konke kuzodingeka kwenziwe ngesandla. Azisindiswa kumafayela ahlukene, kodwa adalwe, ahlelwe futhi asusiwe ngosizo lwemilayezo ekhonjiswayo ye-console.

Amafayela wokuhlela okuguquguqukayo komsebenzisi nesistimu

Njengoba usuvele wazi kusukela enchazweni engenhla, amakilasi amabili wezinguquko ze-Linux agcinwa kumafayela ahlukene, lapho ukulungiswa okuvamile nemingcele ehambile kuqoqwa. Into ngayinye ilayishwa kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele futhi isetshenziselwa izinhloso ezahlukene. Ngokwehlukana, ngingathanda ukugqamisa izakhi ezilandelayo:

/ Etc / PROFILE- enye yamafayela wesistimu. Itholakala kubo bonke abasebenzisi nakuhlelo lonke, ngisho nokungena ngemvume okude. Umkhawulo kuphela walokho - imingcele ayamukelekile uma uvula indinganiso "Isikhumbuzo", okungukuthi, kule ndawo, akukho namanani avela kulokhu kulungiselelwa kuzosebenza.
/ Etc / imvelo- ukufana okubanzi kokucushwa kwangaphambilini. Isebenza ezingeni lesistimu, inezinketho ezifanayo njengefayela elidlule, kodwa manje ngaphandle kwemingcele ngisho nokuxhumeka okude.
/ETC/BASH.BASHRC- ifayela kuphela ukusetshenziswa kwendawo, ngeke kusebenze uma unesikhathi esikude noma uxhumano nge-Intanethi. Yenzelwa umsebenzisi ngamunye ngokwehlukana uma udala iseshini esisha sokugcina.
.BASHRC- ibhekisela kumsebenzisi othize, igcinwa kwirekhodi lakhe lasekhaya futhi ibulawa njalo lapho kuqaliswa ukuphela okusha.
.BASH_PROFILE- okufanayo .BASHRC, kuphela ukulungisa, isibonelo, uma usebenzisa i-SSH.

Bheka futhi: Ukufaka iSSH-server ku-Ubuntu

Buka uhlu lwezimo zemvelo eziguqukayo

Ungakwazi ukubuka kalula zonke iziguquko zesistimu kanye nezinguquko zomsebenzisi ezikhona ku-Linux kanye nemibono yazo ngomyalo owodwa nje obonisa uhlu. Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga ukwenza izinyathelo ezimbalwa nje ezilula ngokusebenzisa i-console ejwayelekile.

Qalisa "Isikhumbuzo" ngokusebenzisa imenyu noma ngokucindezela ukhiye oshisayo I-Ctrl + Alt + T.

Bhalisa iqembusudo apt-get install coreutils, ukuhlola ukutholakala kwalesi Umbuso kwisistimu yakho bese uyifaka ngokushesha uma kunesidingo.

Faka iphasiwedi ye-akhawunti ye-superuser, izinhlamvu ezifakiwe ngeke ziboniswe.

Uzokwaziswa ngokungeziwe kwamafayela amasha noma ukutholakala kwawo emilabhulali.

Manje sebenzisa omunye wemilayezo ye-Coreutils yesevisi esetshenzisiwe ukudalula uhlu lwazo zonke iziguquko zemvelo. Bhalaprintenvbese ucindezela ukhiye Ngena.

Buka konke okukhethwa kukho. Ukuveza ukumaka = - igama loguquguqukayo, futhi ngemuva - inani lalo.

Uhlu lwesistimu eyinhloko kanye nemvelo yokushintshashintsha kwemvelo

Ngenxa yemiyalo engenhla, manje uyazi ukuthi ungasheshe ubone kanjani imingcele yamanje namagugu abo. Ihlala kuphela ukubhekana nezinhloko. Ngingathanda ukunaka izinto ezilandelayo:

DE. Igama eligcwele yi-Desktop Environment. Iqukethe igama lesimo sedeskithophu samanje. Izinhlelo zokusebenza ku-kernel ye-Linux zisebenzisa ama-shells ahlukahlukene, ngakho kubalulekile ukuthi izinhlelo zokusebenza ziqonde ukuthi yini esebenzayo okwamanje. Yilapho i-variable variable isiza. Isibonelo samanani ayo gnome, i-mint, i-kde nokunye.
PATH- inquma uhlu lwamafayela lapho kufakwa khona amafayela ahlukumezayo ahlukahlukene. Isibonelo, uma omunye wemilayezo yokucwaninga nokufinyelela izinto isetshenziswa, afinyelela kula mafolda ukuze athole ngokushesha futhi adlulise amafayela asebenzayo ngezimpendulo ezicacisiwe.
SHELL- kugcina inketho yegobolondo yomyalo osebenzayo. Amagobolondo anjalo avumela umsebenzisi ukuba azibhalise izikripthi ezithile futhi asebenzise izinqubo ezehlukene usebenzisa ama-syntaxes. Igobolondo elidume kakhulu libhekwa bash. Uhlu lweminye imiyalo evamile yokwaziswa lungatholakala kwezinye izihloko esixhumanisi esilandelayo.

Bheka futhi: Izimiso ezisetshenziswa njalo kwi-Linux Terminal

IKHAYA- konke kulula. Le parameter icacisa indlela eya kufolda yasekhaya yomsebenzisi osebenzayo. Umsebenzisi ngamunye uhlukile futhi unefomu: / ekhaya / umsebenzisi. Incazelo yale nzuzo iphinde ibe lula - lokhu okuguquguqukayo, isibonelo, kusetshenziswa izinhlelo zokwakha indawo ejwayelekile yamafayela abo. Yiqiniso, kusekhona izibonelo eziningi, kepha lokhu kwanele ukujwayela.
I-BROWSER- iqukethe umyalo wokuvula isiphequluli sewebhu. Yilokhu okuguquguqukayo okuvame ukucacisa isiphequluli esizenzakalelayo, futhi zonke ezinye izinsizakalo kanye nesofthiwe ukufinyelela lolu lwazi ukuvula amathebhu amasha.
I-PwdfuthiOLDPWD. Zonke izenzo ezisuka ku-console noma igobolondo lokudweba zivela endaweni ethize ohlelweni. Ipharamitha yokuqala ibhekene nokuthola okwamanje, futhi okwesibili kubonisa okudlule. Ngakho-ke, izimiso zabo zishintsha kaningi futhi zigcinwa kokubili ekusetshenzisweni komsebenzisi nakuhlelo.
TERM. Kunenamba enkulu yezinhlelo zokuphela ze-Linux. Ukuhluka okukhulunywa ngakho kugcina ulwazi mayelana negama lekhonsoli esebenzayo.
Okungahleliwe- iqukethe iskripthi esakha inombolo engahleliwe kusuka ku-0 kuya ku-32767 isikhathi ngasinye lapho ufinyelela kuloluguquguquko. Lolu khetho luvumela enye isofthiwe ukuba iyenze ngaphandle kwenjini yayo yenombolo engahleliwe.
U-EDITOR- unesibopho sokuvula umhleli wefayela lombhalo. Isibonelo, ngokuzenzakalelayo ungahlangabezana nendlela lapho / usr / bin / nano, kodwa akukho okuvimbela ukuthi ungayishintshi kuze kube yimuphi omunye. Ngezenzo eziyinkimbinkimbi eziningi nokuhlolwa kunomthwalo wemfaneloUKUVELAfuthi iqala, isibonelo, umhleli vi.
HOSTNAME- igama lekhompyutha, futhiUSER- igama le-akhawunti yamanje.

Imiyalo yokugijima enokushintshashintsha kwemvelo entsha

Ungashintsha ukhetho lwalunye ipharamitha ngokwakho okwesikhashana ukuze uqalise uhlelo oluthile nalo noma wenze noma yiziphi ezinye izenzo. Kulesi simo, ku-console uzodinga ukubhalisa kuphelaI-Var = inanikuphi I-Var - igama loguquguqukayo, futhi Inani - inani layo, isibonelo, indlela eya kwifolda/ ekhaya / umsebenzisi / ukulanda.

Ngesikhathi esizayo ubheka yonke imingcele ngokusebenzisa umyalo ongenhlaprintenvuzobona ukuthi inani olicacile lishintshiwe. Kodwa-ke, kuzoba njengokungalungile, ngokushesha emva kokufinyelela okulandelayo kuyo, futhi isebenza kuphela ngaphakathi kokuphela okusebenzayo.

Ukusetha nokususa iziguquko zendawo yendawo

Kusuka kokuqukethwe ngenhla, usuvele wazi ukuthi imingcele yendawo ayilondolozwe kumafayela futhi ayasebenza kuphela esimisweni samanje, futhi ngemva kokupheliswa kwalo kususiwe. Uma unesithakazelo ekudaleni nasekususeni izinketho ezinjalo ngokwakho, udinga ukwenza lokhu okulandelayo:

Qalisa "Isikhumbuzo" bese ubhala iqembuI-Var = inani, bese ucindezela ukhiye Ngena. Njengesijwayelekile I-Var - noma yiliphi igama eliguquguqukayo igama elilodwa, futhi Inani - inani.

Hlola ukusebenza kwezenzo ezenziwe ngokungenabeka u-$ var. Emgqeni ongezansi, kufanele uthole okukhethwa kukho okuguquguqukayo.

Susa noma iyiphi ipharamitha ngomyalounset var. Ungabuye futhi uhlole ukususwaqhafaza(umugqa olandelayo kufanele ube ongenalutho).

Ngale ndlela elula, noma yiziphi izilinganiso zendawo zengezwa ngobuningi obungenamkhawulo; kubalulekile ukukhumbula kuphela isici esiyinhloko sokusebenza kwabo.

Engeza bese ususa iziguquko zomsebenzisi

Sithuthele emakilasini wezinto eziguquguqukayo ezigcinwe emafayeleni wokuhlela, futhi kusuka kulokhu kuvela ukuthi kufanele uhlele amafayela ngokwawo. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa noma yimuphi umhleli wombhalo ojwayelekile.

Vula ukumiswa komsebenzisi ngesudo gedit .bashrc. Siphakamisa ukusebenzisa umhleli wesithombe ngegama le-syntax, isibonelo, gedit. Noma kunjalo, ungacacisa noma yikuphi, isibonelo, vi noma nano.

Ungakhohlwa ukuthi uma ugijima umyalo egameni lomqaphi, kuzodingeka ufake iphasiwedi.

Ekupheleni kwefayela, engeza umugqaukuthekelisa i-VAR = VALUE. Inombolo yemingcele enjalo ayikhawulelwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungashintsha inani lemikhakha ekhona kakade.

Ngemva kokwenza izinguquko, zigcine futhi uvale ifayela.

Ukubuyekezwa kokuhlela kuzokwenzeka ngemuva kokuthi ifayela liqaliswe futhi lokhu kwenziwaumthombo .bashrc.

Ungahlola umsebenzi we-variable ngokukhetha okufanayo.beka u-$ var.

Uma ungajwayelene nencazelo yalesi sigaba sezinguquko ngaphambi kokwenza izinguquko, qiniseka ukuthi ufunda ulwazi ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko. Lokhu kuzosiza ukugwema amaphutha engeziwe nomphumela wamapharamitha afakiwe, anemikhawulo yawo. Mayelana nokususwa kwemingcele, kubuye kwenzeke ngokusebenzisa ifayela lokucushwa. Kwanele ukususa ngokuphelele umugqa noma ukuyibeka phansi, ungeze uphawu ekuqaleni #.

Ukudala nokususa izimo zemvelo zesimo

Ihlala kuphela ukuthinta isigaba sesithathu sezinguquguquko - uhlelo. Ifayela izohlelwa ngalokhu. / Etc / PROFILE, ehlala isebenzayo ngisho nokuxhumeka okude, isibonelo, ngokusebenzisa umphathi we-SSH owaziwayo. Ukuvula into yokucushwa kufana neyenguqulo yangaphambilini:

Ku-console, fakasudo gedit / njll / iphrofayli.

Yenza ushintsho oludingekayo futhi ulondoloze ngokuchofoza inkinobho efanelekile.

Qala kabusha into ngokuyaumthombo / njll / iphrofayli.

Lapho uqedile, hlola ukusebenza ngebeka u-$ var.

Izinguquko zefayela zizohlala ngisho nangemva kokuthi iseshini ivuselelwe kabusha, futhi wonke umsebenzisi nesicelo bazokwazi ukufinyelela idatha entsha ngaphandle kwezinkinga.

Ngisho noma ulwazi olwethulwa namhlanje lubonakala lukhuni kuwe, sincoma kakhulu ukuthi uyaliqonda futhi uqonde izici eziningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi anjalo we-OS kuzosiza ekugwemeni ukuqoqwa kwamafayili okucushwa engeziwe kwesicelo ngasinye, ngoba bonke bazofinyelela eziguquguqukayo. Ibuye inikeze ukuvikeleka kuwo wonke amapharamitha futhi ihlukanise phakathi kwendawo efanayo. Uma unesithakazelo ezinhlobonhlobo ezithile zokusetshenziswa kwemvelo, sebenzisa imibhalo yokusabalalisa ye-Linux.