Ukudala ukuhlolwa ku-Microsoft Excel

Emisebenzini yokuhlela nokuklama, indima ebalulekile ilinganiselwa. Ngaphandle kwalo, ngeke kwenzeke ukuqala noma iyiphi iphrojekthi enkulu. Ngokuvamile ngokusebenzisa izindleko zokulinganisa embonini yokwakha. Yiqiniso, akulula ukwenza isabelomali ngendlela efanele, okuwukuphela kochwepheshe kuphela. Kodwa baphoqeleka ukuba basebenzise kwi-software ehlukahlukene, evame ukukhokhwa, ukwenza lo msebenzi. Kodwa, uma unekhophi ye-Excel efakwe kwi-PC yakho, ngakho-ke kunengqondo ngempela ukwenza isilinganiso esiphezulu kuso, ngaphandle kokuthenga isofthiwe ebiza kakhulu, egxile. Ake sibone ukuthi singakwenza kanjani lokhu ngokusebenza.

Ukudweba ukulinganisa okuyisisekelo kwezindleko

Izindleko zokulinganisa uhlu oluphelele lwazo zonke izindleko inhlangano ezibandakanya lapho kuqaliswa iphrojekthi ethile noma nje isikhathi esithile somsebenzi wayo. Ngokwezibalo, izinkomba zokulawula ezikhethekile ziyasetshenziswa, okuyinto, njengomthetho, zitholakala esidlangalaleni. Kufanele bathembele kuchwepheshe onokulungiselela le dokhumenti. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukulinganisa kwenziwa esiteji sokuqala sokuqalisa iphrojekthi. Umbongi kufanele athathe le nqubo ngokubaluleke kakhulu, njengoba kunjalo, empeleni, isisekelo sephrojekthi.

Ngokuvamile ukulinganisa kuhlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili ezinkulu: izindleko zempahla kanye nezindleko zomsebenzi. Ekupheleni kwalolu dokhumenti, lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zezindleko zifingqiwe futhi zingaphansi kwe-VAT, uma inkampani, eyinkontileka, ibhaliswe njengomkhokhi wentela.

Isigaba 1: Qala Ukuhlanganiswa

Ake sizame ukwenza isilinganiso esilula ekusebenzeni. Ngaphambi kokuba uqale lokhu, udinga ukuthola umsebenzi wezobuchwepheshe kusuka kumakhasimende, ngesisekelo oyoyihlela, futhi uzibophe ngezincwadi zokubhekisela ezinezinkomba ezijwayelekile. Esikhundleni sezincwadi zokubhekisela, ungasebenzisa futhi izinsiza ze-intanethi.

1. Ngakho-ke, uma uqale ukudweba ukulinganisa okulula, okokuqala, senza i-cap yayo, okungukuthi, igama lwedokhumenti. Yibize "Kucatshangelwe ukusebenza". Ngeke sibeke igama futhi sifomethe igama okwamanje, kodwa libeke nje phezulu kwekhasi.



2. Ukubuyisela umugqa owodwa, senza uhlaka lwetafula, okuyinto ezoba yingxenye eyinhloko yedokhumenti. Izoba nezinsika eziyisithupha, esizinike amagama "P / p inombolo", "Igama", "Isibalo", "Ilinganiso Yokulinganisa", "Intengo", "Inani". Nweba imingcele yamaseli, uma amagama ekholomu awafanelanga kuwo. Khetha amaseli aqukethe lawa magama, abe kuthebhu "Ikhaya", chofoza kutholakala ku-Ribbon ebhodini lamathuluzi "Ukuqondanisa" inkinobho "Hlanganisa Isikhungo". Bese uchofoza isithonjana "Bold"esise-block "Ifonti", noma nje uthayiphe isinqamuleli sekhibhodi Ctrl + B. Ngakho-ke, sihlanganisa izici zokufometha kumagama ekholomu ukuze kuboniswe ukubukwa okubukwayo okubonakalayo.



3. Khona-ke sichaza imingcele yetafula. Ukuze wenze lokhu, khetha indawo ehlosiwe yebanga letafula. Awukwazi ukukhathazeka ukuthi uthatha okuningi, ngoba khona-ke sizobe senza ukuhlela.

   

   Ngemuva kwalokho, konke kube kuthebhu elifanayo "Ikhaya", chofoza kunxantathu ngakwesokudla kwesithonjana "Umngcele"efakwe ebhodini lamathuluzi "Ifonti" kwi-tape. Kusuka ohlwini lokudonsa, khetha ukhetho "Yonke Imingcele".



4. Njengoba ungabona, ngemuva kwesenzo sokugcina, ibanga lonke elikhethiwe lihlukaniswe yimingcele.

Isigaba sesi-2: Ukuhlelwa kwesigaba I

Okulandelayo, siqhubeka nokuhlanganiswa kwesigaba sokuqala sokulinganisa, lapho izindleko zempahla ezithengiswayo zizotholakala khona ngesikhathi sokusebenza komsebenzi.

1. Emgqeni wokuqala wetafula sibhala igama. "Isigaba I: Izindleko Zempahla". Leli gama alihambisani neseli elilodwa, kodwa akudingeki ukuthi ucindezele imingcele, ngoba emva kwalokho siyasusa kuphela, kodwa manje sizoshiya njengoba kunjalo.



2. Okulandelayo, gcwalisa ithebula ngokwayo kulinganisa amagama ezakhiwo ezihlelwe ukuthi zisebenziselwe iphrojekthi. Kulolu cala, uma amagama engalingani amaseli, bese uwahambisa. Ekholini lesithathu sifaka inani lemininingwane ethize edingekayo ukwenza inani elinikeziwe lomsebenzi, ngokuhambisana nemithetho yamanje. Ngokuqhubekayo sichaza indawo yayo yokulinganisa. Kukholomu elilandelayo sibhala intengo ngayinye ngayinye. Ikholomu "Inani" ungathinti kuze sigcwalise ithebula lonke ngemininingwane engenhla. Kulo, amanani azoboniswa esebenzisa ifomula. Futhi, ungathinti ikholomu yokuqala nge-numbering.



3. Manje sizohlela idatha ngenombolo namayunithi wokulinganisa maphakathi namaseli. Khetha ibanga lapho le datha itholakala khona, bese uchofoza kwisithonjana esivele sisazi ngaphambili ku-ribbon "Hlanganisa Isikhungo".



4. Ngokuqhubekayo sizokwenza ukubalwa kwezinombolo ezifakiwe. Esikilinikeni sekholomu "P / p inombolo", ehambisana negama lokuqala lezinto, faka inombolo "1". Khetha isici sekhasi lapho inombolo enikeziwe ifakiwe bese isetha i-pointer ekhoneni layo elingezansi ngakwesokudla. Iguqulwa ibe uphawu lokugcwalisa. Bamba inkinobho yegundane engakwesokunxele bese uyidonsela phansi kuze kube yilapho umugqa wokugcina lapho igama lendawo likhona khona.



5. Kodwa, njengoba sibona, amangqamuzana ayengabalwa ngokulandelana, ngoba kuzo zonke izinombolo "1". Ukuze ushintshe lokhu, chofoza isithonjana. "Izinketho zokugcwalisa"okuyinto engaphansi kwebanga elikhethiwe. Uhlu lwezinketho luvuleka. Hambisa ushintsho endaweni "Gcwalisa".



6. Njengoba ungabona, ngemuva kwalokhu kulayishwa kwemigqa kuhlelwe ngokulandelana.



7. Ngemuva kwawo wonke amagama okusebenza okuzodingeka ukuthi kusetshenziswe iphrojekthi, siqhubeka nokubala inani lemali ngayinye yazo. Njengoba kungenzima ukuqagela, ukubalwa kuzomele ukuphindaphinda kokulingana ngentengo yendawo ngayinye ngokwehlukana.

   Setha isikhombisi kuselikholomu "Inani"okuyinto ehambelana nento yokuqala ohlwini lwamacebo etafuleni. Sabeka uphawu "=". Okuqhubekayo emgqeni ofanayo, chofoza into yetshidi kukholomu "Isibalo". Njengoba ubona, izixhumanisi zayo ziboniswa ngokushesha esitokisini ukubonisa izindleko zempahla. Ngemuva kwalokho kusuka kwikhibhodi sibeka uphawu yande (*). Ngokuqhubekayo kulayini olufanayo chofoza into ekholomu "Intengo".

   Esikhathini sethu, sithole ifomula elandelayo:

   = C6 * E6

   Kodwa esimeni sakho, angase abe nezinye izixhumanisi.



8. Ukuze ubonise umphumela wokuchofoza kokubala kusihluthulelo Ngena kwikhibhodi.



9. Kodwa siletha umphumela ngesimo esisodwa kuphela. Yiqiniso, ngokufanisa, ungangena amafomula amaseli asele ekholomu "Inani", kodwa kunendlela elula futhi esheshayo ngosizo lwamakaki okugcwalisa, esiwashiwo ngenhla. Beka isikhombisi ekhoneni elingezansi elingakwesokudla leseli ngefomula futhi ngemva kokuguqula kumaka wokugcwalisa, ubambe phansi inkinobho yegundane lesokunxele, ulihudonse phansi egameni lokugcina.



10. Njengoba ubona, izindleko eziphelele zento ngayinye etafuleni zibalwa.



11. Manje sibala izindleko zokugcina zonke izinto ezihlanganisiwe. Sidlula umugqa bese senza ukungena esitokisini sokuqala komugqa olandelayo "Izinto eziphelele".



12. Khona-ke, ubambe inkinobho yesinxele segundane phansi, khetha uhla kukholomu "Inani" kusukela egameni lokuqala lezinto eziya emgqeni "Izinto eziphelele" kubandakanya. Ukuba ngaphakathi kuthebhu "Ikhaya" chofoza kusithonjana "I-Autosum"okuyinto itholakala ku-tape ebhodini lamathuluzi Ukuhlela.



13. Njengoba ubona, ukubalwa kwenani lezindleko zokuthengwa kwazo zonke izinto zokwenza imisebenzi eyenziwe.



14. Njengoba siyazi, izinkulumo zemali ezikhonjiswe ngama-ruble ngokuvamile zisetshenziselwa izindawo ezimbili zamadayimali emva kombala, okusho ukuthi akuwona ama-ruble kuphela, kodwa futhi nama-pennies. Etafuleni lethu, izindinganiso zemali zemali zimelelwa kuphela ngamanani. Ukuze ulungise lokhu, khetha zonke izindinganiso zezinombolo zamakholomu. "Intengo" futhi "Inani", kufaka phakathi isitatimende somshwana. Cindezela inkinobho yegundane kwesokudla ekukhethweni. Imenyu yomongo ivulwa. Khetha into kuwo "Fometha amaseli ...".



15. Ifasitela lokufometha iqala. Hambisa kuthebhu "Inombolo". Ku-block parameter "Amafomu Amanani" setha inkinobho ukuma "Numeric". Ngakwesokudla kwefasitela ensimini "Inombolo Enqunyiwe" kumele isethwe inombolo "2". Uma kungenjalo, faka inombolo efunayo. Emva kwalokho chofoza inkinobho "Kulungile" phansi kwefasitela.



16. Njengoba ungabona, manje etafuleni amanani entengo nezindleko aboniswa ngezindawo ezimbili zedesimali.



17. Ngemva kwalokho sizosebenza kancane ekubukeni kwalesi sigaba sokulinganisa. Khetha umugqa lapho igama likhona khona. "Isigaba I: Izindleko Zempahla". Kutholakala kuthebhu "Ikhaya"chofoza inkinobho "Hlanganisa futhi ubeke phakathi" ku-block "Ukulungiswa kwetheyipu". Bese uchofoza kwisithonjana esivamile "Bold" ku-block "Ifonti".



18. Emva kwalokho iya emgqeni "Izinto eziphelele". Khetha indlela eya ekupheleni kwethebula futhi uphinde uchofoze inkinobho. "Bold".



19. Bese kuphinda sikhethe amaseli alo mkhakha, kodwa manje asihlanganisi isici lapho inani eliphelele likhona ekukhethweni. Chofoza kunxantathu ngakwesokudla kwenkinobho ku-Ribbon "Hlanganisa futhi ubeke phakathi". Kusuka kuhlu lokudonsa phansi lwezenzo, khetha inketho "Hlanganisa amaseli".



20. Njengoba ubona, izakhi zekhasi zihlangene. Lo msebenzi nesigaba sezindleko zempahla kungacatshangwa ukuthi uphelele.

Isifundo: Ukufometha amathebula e-Excel

Isiteji sesi-3: Ukuhlelwa kwesigaba II

Siphendukela esigabeni sokuklanywa kwezilinganiso, okuzobonisa izindleko zokuqaliswa komsebenzi oqondile.

1. Sidlula umugqa owodwa futhi ekuqaleni kwalesi sizayo sibhala igama "Isigaba II: izindleko zomsebenzi".



2. Umugqa omusha kukholomu "Igama" bhala uhlobo lomsebenzi. Ekholomu elilandelayo sifaka ivolumu yomsebenzi owenziwe, i-unit of measurement kanye nentengo yunithi yomsebenzi eyenziwe. Ngokuvamile, i-unit of measurement of works is square meter, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kukhona okuhlukile. Ngakho-ke, sigcwalisa itafula, senze zonke izinqubo ezenziwe ngunkontileka.



3. Ngemuva kwalokho, senza ukubala, sibalwa inani lempahla ngayinye, sibalo isamba, futhi senza ukufometha ngendlela efanayo ngendlela esenze ngayo esigabeni sokuqala. Ngakho ngaphezu kwalokho ngeke siyeke emisebenzini ecacisiwe.

Isigaba 4: Bala Izindleko Zonke

Esikhathini esilandelayo, kufanele sibone izindleko eziphelele, ezihlanganisa izindleko zempahla kanye nezisebenzi zabasebenzi.

1. Sidlula umugqa emva kokungena kokugcina bese ubhala esitokisini sokuqala "Inani lephrojekthi".



2. Emva kwalokhu, khetha kulolu gqa iseli kukholomu "Inani". Akunzima ukuqagela ukuthi inani lephrojekthi lizobalwa ngokungeza amanani "Izinto eziphelele" futhi "Inani eliphelele lomsebenzi". Ngakho-ke, esitokisini esikhethiwe kufaka uphawu "="bese uchofoza kwento yephepha equkethe inani "Izinto eziphelele". Bese ufaka isibonakaliso kusuka kukhibhodi "+". Okulandelayo, chofoza kuseli "Inani eliphelele lomsebenzi". Sinefomula yalolu hlobo:

   = F15 + F26

   Kodwa, ngokwemvelo, kwimeko ngayinye ethize, izixhumanisi kule fomula zizobonakala zazo.



3. Ukuze ubonise izindleko eziphelele ishidi ngalinye, chofoza Ngena.



4. Uma inkontileka yikhokhisi yentela eyongezwayo, bese wengeza imigqa emibili ngezansi: "I-VAT" futhi "Ingqikithi yephrojekthi kuhlanganise ne-VAT".



5. Njengoba wazi, inani le-VAT eRussia lingu-18% we-base yentela. Esimweni sethu, isamba sentela yimalini ebhalwe ohlwini "Inani lephrojekthi". Ngakho-ke, kuzodinga ukwandisa leli xabiso ngo-18% noma 0.18. Sifaka esitokisini, esitholakala emkhatsini womugqa "I-VAT" kanye nekholomu "Inani" uphawu "=". Okulandelayo, chofoza kuseli ngenani "Inani lephrojekthi". Kusukela kukhibhodi sithatha le nkulumo "*0,18". Esikhathini sethu, sithola ifomula elandelayo:

   = F28 * 0.18

   Chofoza inkinobho Ngena ukubala umphumela.



6. Emva kwalokho kuzodingeka sibone izindleko eziphelele zomsebenzi, kuhlanganise ne-VAT. Kunezinketho eziningi zokubala leli xabiso, kodwa kithi, indlela elula ukufaka nje izindleko zomsebenzi ngaphandle kwe-VAT nenani le-VAT.

   Ngakho kulayini "Ingqikithi yephrojekthi kuhlanganise ne-VAT" kukholomu "Inani" sengeza amakheli wamaseli "Inani lephrojekthi" futhi "I-VAT" ngendlela efanayo esibala ngayo izindleko zempahla kanye nomsebenzi. Ngokwezilinganiso zethu, sithola ifomula elandelayo:

   = F28 + F29

   Sicindezela inkinobho ENTER. Njengoba sibona, sithole inani elibonisa ukuthi izindleko eziphelele zeprojekthi yokuqaliswa yi-contractor, kuhlanganise ne-VAT, zizoba ngamaruble angu-56533,80.



7. Ngokuqhubekayo sizokwenza ukufometha kwemigqa emithathu ephelele. Khetha nabo ngokuphelele bese uchofoza isithonjana. "Bold" kuthebhu "Ikhaya".



8. Ngemuva kwalokho, ukuze ama totali avele phakathi kwezinye izilinganiso, ungakwazi ukwandisa ifonti. Ngaphandle kokususa ukukhethwa kuthebhu "Ikhaya", chofoza kunxantathu ngakwesokudla kwensimu "Usayizi wefonti"okuyinto itholakala ku-tape ebhodini lamathuluzi "Ifonti". Kusuka kuhlu lokudonsa phansi, ukhethe usayizi wefonti omkhulu kunamanje.



9. Bese ukhetha yonke imigqa kuze kube kukholomu. "Inani". Ukuba ngaphakathi kuthebhu "Ikhaya" chofoza kunxantathu ngakwesokudla kwenkinobho "Hlanganisa futhi ubeke phakathi". Kuhlu lokudonsa phansi, khetha ukhetho "Hlanganisa ngomugqa".

Isifundo: Ifomu le-Excel ye-VAT

Isigaba sesi-5: ukuqedela ukulinganisa

Manje, ukuqedela ukuklanywa kokulinganisa, kufanele nje sithinte ukuthinta izimonyo.

1. Okokuqala, susa imigqa eyengeziwe etafuleni lethu. Khetha uhla olungeziwe lwamaseli. Iya kuthebhu "Ikhaya"uma omunye okwamanje evulekile. Ebhokisini lamathuluzi Ukuhlela chofoza i-ribbon kusithonjana "Sula"okubonakala sengathi i-eraser. Kulolu hlu oluvula, khetha isikhundla "Sula amaFomethi".



2. Njengoba ubona, ngemuva kwalesi senzo yonke imigqa eyengeziwe isusiwe.



3. Manje sibuyela into yokuqala kakhulu esenzayo lapho senza ukulinganisa - egameni. Khetha ingxenye yesigcawu lapho igama likhona, ubude bulingana nobubanzi betafula. Chofoza ukhiye ojwayelekile. "Hlanganisa futhi ubeke phakathi".



4. Khona-ke, ngaphandle kokukhipha ukhetho kusukela ebangeni, chofoza isithonjana "Bold".



5. Sifeza ukufometha kwegama lokulinganisa ngokuchofoza kumkhakha wesayizi wefonti, bese ukhetha inani elikhona kunkulu kunalokho esibekwe ekuqaleni kwebanga lokugcina.

Emva kwalokho, ukulinganisa izindleko ku-Excel kungacatshangwa kuqedile.

Sibheke isibonelo sokudweba okulinganiselwe okulula ku-Excel. Njengoba ungabona, le prosesa yetafula inezikhali zayo zonke amathuluzi ukuze ihlangabezane nalo msebenzi ngokugcwele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kunesidingo, kulolu hlelo kungenzeka ukuba wenze izilinganiso eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.