Ilungiselela i-Debian ngemva kokufaka

I-Debian ayikwazi ukuziqhenya ngokusebenza kwayo ngemva kokufaka. Lena yindlela yokusebenza okumelwe uqale ukuyihlela, futhi lesi sihloko sizochaza ukuthi singakwenza kanjani lokhu.

Bheka futhi: Ukusabalalisa okudumile kwe-Linux

Ukusethwa kwe-Debian

Ngenxa yezinketho eziningi zokufaka i-Debian (inethiwekhi, eyisisekelo, kusukela kumabonakude e-DVD), ayikho isiqondiso somhlaba wonke, ngakho ezinye izinyathelo zemilayezo zizosebenza ezinguqulo ezithile zesistimu yokusebenza.

Isinyathelo 1: Ukuvuselelwa kohlelo

Into yokuqala yokuyenza emva kokufaka uhlelo ukuyibuyekeza. Kodwa lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kubasebenzisi abafake i-Debian kusuka kuma-DVD abezindaba. Uma usebenzisa indlela yenethiwekhi, zonke izibuyekezo zakamuva zizofakwa kakade ku-OS.

  1. Vula "Isikhumbuzo"ngokubhala igama layo kwimenyu yesistimu bese uchofoza isithonjana esifanayo.

  2. Thola amalungelo e-superuser ngokusebenzisa umyalo:

    su

    futhi ufaka iphasiwedi ecacisiwe ngesikhathi sokufakwa.

    Qaphela: uma ufaka iphasiwedi, ayibonakali.

  3. Qalisa imiyalo emibili ngokulandelayo:

    thola ukubuyekeza
    phuthukisa kahle

  4. Qala kabusha ikhompyutha ukuqedela isibuyekezo sesistimu. Ngalokhu ungangena "Isikhumbuzo" Qalisa umyalo olandelayo:

    qala kabusha

Ngemuva kokuba ikhompiyutha iqale futhi, uhlelo luzobuyekezwa, ngakho-ke ungaqhubeka nesigaba esilandelayo sokumiswa.

Bheka futhi: Ukuthuthukisa i-Debian 8 kuya kwinguqulo 9

Isinyathelo 2: Faka i-SUDO

sudo - I-utility eyenziwe ngenhloso yokunikeza amalungelo okuphatha abasebenzisi ngabanye. Njengoba ungabona, lapho ubuyekeza uhlelo, kwakudingeka ukungena kuphrofayela impandeokudinga isikhathi esengeziwe. Uma usebenzisa sudo, lesi senzo singancipha.

Ukuze ufake ukusekela ohlelweni sudo, kudingekile, ukuthi usephrofayli impande, yenza umyalo:

thola ukufaka i-sudo

Umbuso sudo efakwe, kodwa ukuyisebenzisa udinga ukulungela. Kulula ukwenza lokhu ngokwenza okulandelayo:

I-Adduser UserName sudo

Lapho kunalokho "Igama lomsebenzisi" Kufanele ufake igama lomsebenzisi obelwe amalungelo.

Ekugcineni, qala kabusha uhlelo ukuze izinguquko zisebenze.

Bheka futhi: Izimiso ezisetshenziswa njalo kwi-Linux Terminal

Isinyathelo 3: Ukulungisa ama-Repositories

Ngemva kokufaka i-Debian, ama-repositories amisiwe kuphela ukuze athole isofthiwe yomthombo ovulekile, kodwa lokhu akwanele ukufaka inguqulo yakamuva yohlelo nomshayeli ohlelweni.

Kunezindlela ezimbili zokulungisa ama-repository kwisofthiwe ye-proprietary: usebenzisa uhlelo lokubonisa isikhombimsebenzisi kanye nokusebenzisa imiyalo ku "Isikhumbuzo".

I-Software & Izibuyekezo

Ukusetha ama-repositories usebenzisa uhlelo lwe-GUI, yenza lokhu okulandelayo:

  1. Qalisa I-Software & Izibuyekezo kusuka kwimenyu yesistimu.

  2. Ithebhu "I-Debian Software" faka umaki eceleni kwezinto lapho kubakaki kubonisa khona "main", "cabanga" futhi "engekho mahhala".

  3. Kusuka ohlwini lokudonsa phansi "Landa kusuka ku-" khetha iseva esiseduze.

  4. Cindezela inkinobho "Vala".

Emva kwalokho, lolu hlelo luzokunikeza ukuthi ubuyekeze lonke ulwazi olutholakalayo mayelana nezinqolobane - chofoza inkinobho "Qala kabusha", bese ulinda kuze kube sekupheleni kwenqubo bese uqhubeka isinyathelo esilandelayo.

Isiphetho

Uma ngesizathu esithile awukwazanga ukumisa usebenzisa uhlelo I-Software & Izibuyekezo, umsebenzi ofanayo ungenziwa "Isikhumbuzo". Nakhu okumele ukwenze:

  1. Vula ifayela eliqukethe uhlu lwazo zonke izinqolobane. Kulokhu, lesi sihloko sizosebenzisa umhleli wombhalo. I-Gedit, ungangena kwenye endaweni efanele yomyalo.

    sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list

  2. Esikhathini somhleli ovuliwe faka iziguquko kuwo wonke imigqa. "main", "cabanga" futhi "engekho mahhala".
  3. Cindezela inkinobho "Gcina".
  4. Vala umhleli.

Bheka futhi: Abahleli bombhalo abathandwayo be-Linux

Ngenxa yalokho, ifayela lakho kufanele libukeke kanje:

Manje, ukuze izinguquko zisebenze, buyekeza uhlu lwamaphakheji ngomyalo:

sudo apt-get update

Isinyathelo 4: Ukwengeza i-Backports

Ukuqhubeka isihloko sezindawo zokugcina, kunconywa ukuba wengeze ohlwini lwe-Backports. Iqukethe izinguqulo zesofthiwe zakamuva. Le phakheji ibhekwa njengesivivinyo, kodwa yonke isofthiwe esekuyo igxilile. Awuzange awele ezinqolobaneni ezisemthethweni kuphela ngenxa yokuthi wadalwa emva kokukhululwa. Ngakho-ke, uma ufuna ukuvuselela umshayeli, i-kernel nezinye isofthiwe kunguqulo yakamuva, udinga ukuxhuma i-Backports repository.

Lokhu kungenziwa njengawe I-Software & Izibuyekezokanjalo futhi "Isikhumbuzo". Cabangela izindlela zombili ngokuningiliziwe.

I-Software & Izibuyekezo

Ukwengeza i-backports repository usebenzisa I-Software & Izibuyekezo udinga:

  1. Qalisa uhlelo.
  2. Yiya kuthebhu "Elinye Isofthiwe".
  3. Inkinobho ye-Push "Engeza ...".

  4. Emgqeni ungena ngokufanele:

    i-deb //mirror.yandex.ru/debian-back-backports main contrib non-free(i-Debian 9)

    noma

    deb //mirror.yandex.ru/debian jessie-backports main contrib non-free(i-Debian 8)

  5. Inkinobho ye-Push "Engeza umthombo".

Ngemuva kwezinyathelo ezingenhla, vala iwindi lohlelo, unike imvume yokuvuselela idatha.

Isiphetho

Ngaphakathi "Isikhumbuzo" ukuze ungeze i-backports repository, kufanele ufake idatha efayeleni "source.list". Kulokhu:

  1. Vula ifayela oyidingayo:

    sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list

  2. Kulo, faka isikhombisi ekupheleni komugqa wokugcina nangokucindezela kabili ukhiye Ngena, indent, bese uthayipha imigqa elandelayo:

    i-deb //mirror.yandex.ru/debian-back-backports main contrib non-free
    deb-src //mirror.yandex.ru/dede-back-backports umkhiqizo omkhulu ongekho mahhala    (i-Debian 9)

    noma

    deb //mirror.yandex.ru/debian jessie-backports main contrib non-free
    deb-src //mirror.yandex.ru/debian jessie-backports main contrib non-free    (i-Debian 8)

  3. Cindezela inkinobho "Gcina".
  4. Vala umhleli wombhalo.

Ukuze ufake zonke izilinganiso ezifakelwe, buyekeza uhlu lwamaphakheji:

sudo apt-get update

Manje, ukufaka isofthiwe kusuka kule nqolobane kuya ohlelweni, sebenzisa umyalo olandelayo:

sudo apt-get install -t stretch-backports [igama lephakheji](i-Debian 9)

noma

sudo apt-get install -t jessie-backports [igama lephakheji](i-Debian 8)

Lapho kunalokho "[igama lephakheji]" faka igama lephakheji ofuna ukuyifaka.

Isinyathelo 5: Faka amafonti

Into ebalulekile yesistimu amafonti. E-Debian, bambalwa kakhulu kubo abafakwe ngaphambilini, ngakho-ke abasebenzisi abavame ukusebenza kubashicileli bezithombe noma ngezithombe kuhlelo lwe-GIMP badinga ukugcwalisa uhlu lwamaphoyinti akhona. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, uhlelo lwewayini ngeke lusebenze kahle ngaphandle kwabo.

Ukuze ufake amafonti asetshenziswa ku-Windows, udinga ukuqhuba umyalo olandelayo:

sudo apt-get ukufaka i-ttf-freefont ttf-mscorefonts-installer

Ungase futhi wengeze amafonti kusuka kusethi ye-noto:

sudo apt-get ufake amafonti-noto

Ungakwazi ukufaka amanye amafonti nje ngokuwaseshela kwi-intanethi uphinde uwahambise kwifolda. ".fonts"lokho kungumsuka wesistimu. Uma ungenayo le folda, yenze ngokwakho.

Isinyathelo sesi-6: Setha ukupholisa amafonti

Ngokufaka i-Debian, umsebenzisi angase abone abampofu ama-anti-aliasing amasistimu wesistimu. Le nkinga ixazululwa kalula - udinga ukwakha ifayela lokumisa elikhethekile. Nansi indlela eyenziwe ngayo:

  1. Ngaphakathi "Isikhumbuzo" iya esiqondisweni "/ njll / amafonti /". Ukuze wenze lokhu, run:

    cd / njll / amafonti /

  2. Dala ifayela elisha eliqanjwe "local.conf":

    sudo gedit yendawo.conf

  3. Kulo mhleli ovula, faka umbhalo olandelayo:






    rgb




    kuyiqiniso




    i-hintslight




    lcddefault




    amanga


    ~ / .fonts

  4. Cindezela inkinobho "Gcina" bese uvala umhleli.

Emva kwalokho, wonke amafonti wesistimu azoba ne-anti-aliasing ebushelelezi.

Isinyathelo sesi-7: Sula isimemezelo somsindo wesistimu

Lokhu kulungiselelwa akudingekile kubo bonke abasebenzisi, kodwa kulabo abazwa umsindo wesici kusuka kuhlelo lwabo lwesistimu. Iqiniso liwukuthi kwezinye imihlangano le parameter ayikhutshaziwe. Ukulungisa lesi siphene, udinga uku:

  1. Vula ifayela lokumisa "i-fbdev-blacklist.conf":

    sudo gedit /etc/modprobe.d/fbdev-blacklist.conf

  2. Ekugcineni, bhala umugqa olandelayo:

    uhlu lwabamnyama pcspkr

  3. Londoloza izinguquko bese uvala umhleli.

Sifake nje imodemu "pcspkr"okuyinto enesizathu sokuzwakala kwe-dynamics yesistimu, kuluhlu lwabantu abamnyama, ngokulandelana, inkinga iqedwa.

Isinyathelo 8: Faka ama-Codec

Uhlelo kuphela lwe-Debian olufakiwe alunayo i-multimedia codecs, lokhu kungenxa ye-proprietaryity yabo. Ngenxa yalokhu, umsebenzisi ngeke akwazi ukuxhumana namafomethi amaningi alalelwayo namavidiyo. Ukulungisa isimo, udinga ukuyifaka. Kulokhu:

  1. Qalisa umyalo:

    sudo uthole-get install libavcodec-extra57 ffmpeg

    Phakathi nenqubo yokufaka, kuzodingeka uqinisekise isenzo ngokuthayipha uphawu kukhibhodi "D" nokuchofoza Ngena.

  2. Manje udinga ukufaka i-codec eyengeziwe, kodwa e-repository ehlukile, ngakho-ke kufanele uqale uyifake ohlelweni. Ukuze wenze lokhu, yenza imiyalo emithathu ngokulandelayo:

    su
    bhala "# Multimedia Debian
    deb ftp://ftp.deb-multimedia.org welula main non-free "> '/etc/apt/sources.list.d/deb-multimedia.list'    (i-Debian 9)

    noma

    su
    bhala "# Multimedia Debian
    deb ftp://ftp.deb-multimedia.org jessie main non-free "> '/etc/apt/sources.list.d/deb-multimedia.list'    (i-Debian 8)

  3. Buyekeza ama-repositories:

    ukubuyekeza okulungile

    Okukhiphayo, ungabona ukuthi kwenzeke iphutha - uhlelo alukwazi ukufinyelela ukhiye we-GPG wendawo yokugcina.

    Ukulungisa lokhu, sebenzisa lo myalo:

    ukhiye we-key-key-key - isyserver pgpkeys.mit.edu 5C808C2B65558117

    Qaphela: Umbuso we-"dirmngr" awutholakali kwezinye izakhiwo zeDebian, ngenxa yalokhu umyalo awukwenziwa. Kumele ifakwe ngokusebenzisa umyalo othi "sudo apt-get install dirmngr".

  4. Hlola uma iphutha lilungisiwe:

    ukubuyekeza okulungile

    Siyabona ukuthi ayikho iphutha, khona-ke i-repository yanezelwa ngempumelelo.

  5. Faka ama-codec adingekayo ngokusebenzisa umyalo:

    ukufaka kahle i-libfaad2 libmp4v2-2 libfaac0 alsamixergui twolame libmp3lame0 libdvdnav4 libdvdread4 libdvdcss2 w64codecs(for uhlelo 64-bit)

    noma

    ukufaka kahle i-libfaad2 libmp4v2-2 libfaac0 alsamixergui twolame libmp3lame0 libdvdnav4 libdvdread4 libdvdcss2(uhlelo lwe-32-bit)

Ngemuva kokuqedela wonke amaphuzu ufaka wonke ama-codec adingekayo ohlelweni lwakho. Kodwa lokhu akusona ukuphela kokucushwa kwe-Debian.

Isinyathelo 9: Faka i-Flash Player

Labo abajwayele i-Linux bayazi ukuthi abathuthukisi be-Flash Player abazange babuyekeze umkhiqizo wabo kule platform isikhathi eside. Ngakho-ke, futhi futhi ngoba lolu hlelo lokusebenza luyimfihlo, alukho ekusakazeni okuningi. Kodwa kunendlela elula yokuyifaka ku-Debian.

Ukufaka i-Adobe Flash Player udinga ukugijima:

sudo apt-get install flashplugin-nonfree

Ngemuva kwalokho kuzofakwa. Kodwa uma uzosebenzisa isiphequluli se-Chromium, sebenzisa umyalo owodwa owodwa:

sudo apt-get ukufaka pepperflashplugin-nonfree

I-Mozilla Firefox, umyalo uhlukile:

sudo apt-get ukufaka i-flashplayer-mozilla

Manje zonke izakhi zamasayithi azenzelwe ukusebenzisa i-Flash, izotholakala kuwe.

Isinyathelo 10: Faka i-Java

Uma ufuna uhlelo lwakho lubonise kahle izinto ezenziwe ngolimi lohlelo lweJava, udinga ukufaka le phakheji ngokwakho ku-OS. Ukuze wenze lokhu, yenza umyalo owodwa nje:

sudo apt-get install okuzenzakalelayo-jre

Ngemva kokubulawa, uzothola inguqulo ye-Java Runtime Environment. Kodwa ngeshwa, akufanelekile ukudala izinhlelo ze-Java. Uma udinga lolu khetho, faka i-Java Development Kit:

sudo apt-get install ukuzenzakalela-jdk

Isinyathelo 11: Faka izinhlelo zokusebenza

Akudingekile ukusebenzisa kuphela ideskithophu inguqulo yesistimu yokusebenza. "Isikhumbuzo"uma kungenzeka ukusebenzisa isofthiwe nge-interface esibonakalayo. Siyakunakekela isethi yesofthiwe enconyiwe ukufakwa ohlelweni.

  • evince - isebenza namafayela e-PDF;
  • vlc - isidlali sevidiyo esidumile;
  • ifayela-roller - ingobo yomlando;
  • i-bleachbit - hlaziya uhlelo;
  • gimp - umhleli wesithombe (i-analogue ye-Photoshop);
  • clementine - isidlali somculo;
  • qalculate - wokubala;
  • ukudubula - uhlelo lokubuka izithombe;
  • gparted - I-Disk Partition Editor;
  • i-diodon - umphathi wokunamathisela;
  • i-freeoffice-umbhali - iprosesa yegama;
  • i-freeoffice-calc - iprosesa yethebula.

Ezinye izinhlelo ezivela kulolu hlu zingase zifakwe ohlelweni lwakho lokusebenza, konke kuxhomeke ekwakheni.

Ukufaka isicelo esisodwa ohlwini, sebenzisa umyalo:

sudo apt-get install ProgramName

Lapho kunalokho "Uhlelo lokusebenza" Faka igama lohlelo.

Ukuze ufake zonke izicelo ngesikhathi esisodwa, mane nje ubhale amagama abo ahlukaniswe isikhala:

sudo apt-get ukufaka ifayela-roll evine dalon qalculate clementine vlc gimp shotwell gparted freeoffice-umbhali freeoffice-calc

Ngemuva kokukhipha umyalo, ukulandwa okusheshayo kuzoqala, emva kwalokho yonke isofthiwe ecacisiwe izofakwa.

Isinyathelo 12: Ukufaka abashayeli ekhadini levidiyo

Ukufaka umshayeli wekhadi levidiyo yekhadi kuDebian kuyinkqubo yokuphumelela kwayo kuxhomeke ezimweni eziningi, ikakhulukazi uma une-AMD. Ngenhlanhla, esikhundleni sokuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwazo zonke izinkohliso kanye nokwenziwa kwemithetho eminingi ku "Isikhumbuzo", ungasebenzisa iskripthi esikhethekile esilandelayo nokufaka konke ngokuzimela. Mayelana naye manje futhi sizoxoxa ngakho.

Okubalulekile: uma ufaka abashayeli, iskripthi sivala zonke izinqubo zemenenja yewindi, ngakho-ke londoloza zonke izingxenye ezidingekayo ngaphambi kokusebenzisa imiyalelo.

  1. Vula "Isikhumbuzo" bese uya esiqondisweni "ibhan"Yini engxenyeni yezimpande:

    cd / usr / yendawo / ibin

  2. Landa iskripthi esakhiweni esisemthethweni sgfxi:

    sudo wget -Nc smxi.org/sgfxi

  3. Mnike amalungelo okusebenza:

    sudo chmod + x sgfxi

  4. Manje udinga ukuya ku-console yangempela. Ukwenza lokhu, cindezela inhlanganisela yokhiye Ctrl + Alt + F3.
  5. Faka igama lakho lomsebenzisi nephasiwedi.

  6. Thola amalungelo e-superuser:

    su

  7. Sebenzisa iskripthi ngokusebenzisa umyalo:

    sgfxi

  8. Kulesi sigaba, iskriphthi izoskena ihadiwe lakho bese linikeza ukufaka umshayeli wenguqulo yakamuva kuyo. Unganqaba futhi ukhethe le nguqulo ngokwakho usebenzisa umyalo:

    sgfxi -o [umshayeli version]

    Qaphela: ungathola zonke izinguqulo ezitholakalayo zokufaka usebenzisa umyalo "sgfxi -h".

Emva kwazo zonke izinyathelo, iskripthi sizoqala ukulanda nokufaka umshayeli okhethiwe. Kumelwe ulinde ukuphela kwenqubo.

Uma ngesizathu esithile unquma ukususa umshayeli ofakiwe, ungakwenza lokhu ngomyalo:

sgfxi -n

Izinkinga ezingenzeka

Njenganoma iyiphi enye isofthiwe script sgfxi unamaphutha. Ezinye amaphutha zingase zenzeke ngesikhathi senziwa. Manje sihlaziya okuthandwa kakhulu kubo futhi sinikeza imiyalo yokuthi singakuqeda kanjani.

  1. Ayikwazanga ukususa imodemu entsha. Ukuxazulula inkinga kulula kakhulu - udinga ukuqala kabusha ikhompyutha bese uqala kabusha iskripthi.
  2. Ama-consoles ajwayelekile azoshintsha ngokuzenzekelayo.. Uma phakathi nenqubo yokufaka ubona i-console entsha yesikrini esibukweni, bese uqala kabusha inqubo, vele ubuyele kokudlule ngokucindezela Ctrl + Alt + F3.
  3. I-creak ekuqaleni komsebenzi inikeza iphutha. Ezimweni eziningi, lokhu kubangelwa iphakheji elingekho. "ukwakha-okubalulekile". Isikripthi sokufaka siyalanda ngokuzenzekelayo, kodwa kukhona amaphutha. Ukuxazulula le nkinga, faka iphakheji ngokwakho ngokufaka umyalo:

    ukutholwa okutholayo ukwakha okubalulekile

Lezi kwakuyizinkinga ezivame kakhulu ngomsebenzi weskriphthi, uma phakathi kwabo awutholanga owakho, ungazijwayeza ngokugcwele kwebhukwana elikusayithi elisemthethweni lonjiniyela.

Isinyathelo 13: Lungiselela i-NumLock Auto Power On

Zonke izingxenye ezisemqoka zesistimu sezivele zilungisiwe, kodwa ekugcineni kufanelekile ukutshela indlela yokusetha ukusebenza okuzenzakalelayo kwephaneli yedijithali ye-NumLock. Iqiniso liwukuthi ukusatshalaliswa kweDebian, ngokuzenzakalelayo le parameter ayilungisiwe, futhi iphaneli kumele ivuliwe njalo uma uqala uhlelo.

Ngakho, ukwenza ukulungiselelwa, udinga:

  1. Layisha iphakheji "numlockx". Ukuze wenze lokhu, ngena ngemvume "Isikhumbuzo" lo myalo:

    sudo apt-get install numlockx

  2. Vula ifayela lokumisa "Okuzenzakalelayo". Leli fayela linomthwalo wokukhishwa ngokuzenzakalelayo kwemilayezo uma ikhompyutha iqala.

    sudo gedit / etc / gdm3 / Init / Okuzenzakalelayo

  3. Namathisela umbhalo olandelayo emgqeni ngaphambi kwepharamitha "phuma ku-0":

    uma [-x / usr / bin / numlockx]; ke
    / usr / bin / numlockx on
    fi

  4. Londoloza izinguquko bese uvala umhleli wombhalo.

Manje uma uqala ikhompyutha, iphaneli yedijithali izovula ngokuzenzakalelayo.

Isiphetho

Ngemuva kokuqedela zonke izinyathelo kumhlahlandlela wokuhlela we-Debian, uzothola ikhamera yokusabalalisa okuhle kakhulu ekuxazululeni imisebenzi yansuku zonke yomsebenzisi ojwayelekile, kodwa futhi nokusebenza kukhompyutha. Kufanele kucaciswe ukuthi izilungiselelo ezingenhla ziyisisekelo, futhi uqinisekise ukusebenza okujwayelekile kwezinxenye ezisetshenzisiwe kakhulu zesistimu.

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